Fluoride is a ubiquitous natural substance that is often used in dental products to prevent
dental caries. The biphasic actions of fluoride imply that excessive systemic exposure to …

Concurrent with the '3R'principle, the embryonic stem cell test (EST) using mouse embryonic
stem cells, developed in 2000, remains the solely accepted in vitro method for …

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived osteoblasts possess great potential for use in bone
disorder elucidation and repair; however, while the general ability of human pluripotent stem …

There has been increasing focus on generation and assessment of in vitro developmental
toxicology models for assessing teratogenic liability of chemicals. The driver for this focus …

Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA), an emerging replacement of
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has recently been reported to be a potential environmental …

Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) may be induced when chemicals disturb a key
neurodevelopmental process, and many tests focus on this type of toxicity. Alternatively …

Numerous chemicals including environmental toxicants and drugs have not been fully
evaluated for developmental neurotoxicity. A key gap exists in the ability to predict …

Studying chemical disturbances during neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells
(mESCs) has been established as an alternative in vitro testing approach for the …

Evidence of primate-specific genes and gene regulatory mechanisms linked to bipolar
disorder (BD) lend support to evolutionary/adaptive processes in the pathogenesis of this …

Motivation An important goal of concentration–response studies in toxicology is to determine
an 'alert'concentration where a critical level of the response variable is exceeded. In a …