Background The degree of efficacy, safety, quality, and certainty of meta-analytic evidence of
biological non-pharmacological treatments in mental disorders is unclear. Methods We …

A recent increase in the literature regarding the evidence base for clozapine has made it
increasingly difficult for clinicians to judge “best evidence” for clozapine use. As such, we …

Abstract Treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) refers to the significant proportion of
schizophrenia patients who continue to have symptoms and poor outcomes despite …

Importance In treatment-resistant schizophrenia, clozapine is considered the standard
treatment. However, clozapine use has restrictions owing to its many adverse effects …

These updated guidelines are based on a first edition of the World Federation of Societies of
Biological Psychiatry Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia published in …

Originally published in February 2004. This guideline is more than 5 years old and has not
yet been updated to ensure that it reflects current knowledge and practice. In accordance …

Since the introduction of chlorpromazine and throughout the development of the new-
generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs) beginning with clozapine, the D 2 receptor has been …

Background The relative effectiveness of second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs
as compared with that of older agents has been incompletely addressed, though newer …

Since at least the middle of the past century, one overarching model of psychiatric
classification has reigned supreme, namely, that of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …