In the 1970s, treatment with thyroid extract was superseded by levothyroxine, a synthetic l
form of tetraiodothyronine. Since then, no major innovation has emerged for the treatment of …

Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Background: A number of recent advances in our understanding of thyroid physiology may
shed light on why some patients feel unwell while taking levothyroxine monotherapy. The …

Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying
brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal …

The goal of this review is to place the exciting advances that have occurred in our
understanding of the molecular biology of the types 1, 2, and 3 (D1, D2, and D3 …

Thyroid hormones are important during development of the mammalian brain, acting on
migration and differentiation of neural cells, synaptogenesis, and myelination. The actions of …

The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone
(TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the …

Dietary selenium (Se) status is inversely related to vulnerability to methylmercury (MeHg)
toxicity. Mercury exposures that are uniformly neurotoxic and lethal among animals fed low …

Cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolize estrogens are expressed in the mammary
gland, uterus, brain and other target tissues for estrogen action, and this results in the …

An adverse maternal hormonal environment during pregnancy can be associated with
abnormal brain growth. Subtle changes in fetal brain development have been observed …