The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on the innate
and adaptive inflammatory immune response to the inhalation of toxic particles and gases …

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with a
significant mortality, health and economic burden. Their diagnosis, assessment and …

Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations improves
outcomes; however, responses to treatment are variable, and patients with COPD often …

BACKGROUND Since the 1998 European Respiratory Society (ERS) lower respiratory tract
infection (LRTI) guidelines 1 were published, the evidence on which they were based has …

ABSTRACT COPD is a major global concern, increasingly so in the context of ageing
populations. The role of infections in disease pathogenesis and progression is known to be …

Exacerbations of COPD are thought to be caused by complex interactions between the host,
bacteria, viruses, and environmental pollution. These factors increase the inflammatory …

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are important in reducing exacerbation frequency associated
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, little is known about the risk …

Background Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often have vitamin
D deficiency, which is associated with increased susceptibility to upper respiratory infection …

Rationale The role bacteria play in the progression of COPD has increasingly been
highlighted in recent years. However, the microbial community complexity in the lower …

Study objectives Patients with COPD experience lower airway and systemic inflammation,
and an accelerated decline in FEV 1. There is no evidence on whether this inflammation …