The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb)
owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated …

The current opioid epidemic is one of the most severe public health crisis in US history.
Responding to it has been difficult due to its rapidly changing nature and the severity of its …

Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

Opioids are powerful drugs that usurp and overpower the reward function of endogenous
opioids and engage dramatic tolerance and withdrawal via molecular and neurocircuitry …

Potential long-lasting adverse effects of child maltreatment have been widely reported,
although little is known about the distinctive long-term impact of differing types of …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Aberrant patterns of brain functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) have
been observed across different classes of substance use disorder (SUD) and are associated …

Neuroadaptations that occur in response to repeated substance use diminish the euphoria
that is produced by the acute use of a drug and increase levels of physical and emotional …

In 2020, the World Health Organization formally recognized addiction to digital technology
(connected devices) as a worldwide problem, where excessive online activity and internet …

Alcohol dependence has traditionally been considered a brain disorder. Alteration in the
composition of the gut microbiota has recently been shown to be present in psychiatric …