Objective Migraine with aura has been associated with increased risk of ischemic and
hemorrhagic stroke. Prior studies have shown a further increase in risk in women using …

Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting women
disproportionally at a rate of 3: 1. Prior to puberty, boys and girls are equally affected, but the …

Background and aims Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a transient neuronal and glial
depolarization that propagates slowly across the cerebral cortex, is the putative …

Background Migraines are a chronic disease for millions worldwide and have been
hypothesized to be hormonally mediated due to their higher prevalence in females and …

Migraine is a complex brain disorder, and understanding the complexity of this prevalent
disease could improve quality of life for millions of people. Familial Hemiplegic Migraine …

Migraine is the third most prevalent disease on the planet, yet our understanding of its
mechanisms and pathophysiology is surprisingly incomplete. Recent studies have built …

Gender-related physiological variations in gastrointestinal (GI) symptomatology have been
observed in women of reproductive age. Many women experience cyclical changes in GI …

Background Studies suggest that migraine is often underdiagnosed and inadequately
treated in the primary care setting, despite many patients relying on their primary care …

Combined hormonal contraceptives (COCs) are one of the most popular methods of birth
control, worldwide. This reliable form of contraception, having a theoretical failure rate of …

Contraceptives that contain estrogen and/or progestins are used by millions of women
around the world to prevent pregnancy. Owing to their unique physiological mechanism of …