B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host
tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central …

Vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation,
organogenesis, and reproduction and a key role in mucosal immune responses. RA …

A vaccine that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 is likely to be
protective, but this has not been achieved. To explore immunization regimens that might …

The generation of high-affinity antibodies (Abs) plays a critical role in the neutralization and
clearance of pathogens and subsequent host survival after natural infection with a variety of …

Antibody production is an important feature of the vertebrate immune system. Antibodies
neutralize and clear pathogens, thereby protecting against infectious diseases. Such …

The transcription factor IRF4 regulates immunoglobulin class switch recombination and
plasma cell differentiation. Its differing concentrations appear to regulate mutually …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide help to B cells and are crucial for establishment of
germinal center (GC) reactions, including production of high-affinity antibodies and …

Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus is
central to the maturation of the antibody response and crucially requires the cytidine …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote T cell-dependent humoral immune responses by
providing T cell help to B cells and by promoting germinal center (GC) formation and long …