Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-saving intervention for patients where oral or enteral
nutrition (EN) cannot be achieved or is not acceptable. The essential components of PN are …

Fungi and bacteria encounter each other in various niches of the human body. There, they
interact directly with one another or indirectly via the host response. In both cases …

Objectives: Identify the etiology of nosocomial infections. Describe the appropriate
evaluation of nosocomial infections. Explain the treatment options available for nosocomial …

Objectives: Describe the pathophysiology of hospital-acquired infections. Review the
laboratory tests used in the evaluation of hospital-acquired infections. Summarize the …

Invasive candidiasis is the most common critical care-associated fungal infection with a
crude mortality of~ 40–55%. Important factors contributing to risk of invasive candidiasis in …

Background The measure of disease frequency most widely used to report healthcare-
associated infection (HAI) is the point-prevalence survey. Incidence studies are rarely …

Introduction The prevalence of catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) is high
and is a severe health problem associated with an increase in mortality and elevated …

The use of a central line or central venous catheterization was brought to attention in 1929
when Dr. Werner Forssmann self-inserted a ureteric catheter through his cubital vein and …

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a relevant problem for all healthcare
facilities, because they involve both the care aspect and the economic management of the …

Contemporary cardiac intensive care units (CICUs) have an increasing prevalence of
noncardiovascular comorbidities and multisystem organ dysfunction. However, little …