Water, a necessary component of cell protoplasm, plays an essential role in supporting life
on Earth; nevertheless, extreme changes in climatic conditions limit water availability …

Key message Extensive crosstalk exists among ABA and different phytohormones that
modulate plant tolerance against different abiotic stress. Being sessile, plants are exposed …

Chloroplasts are best known for their role in photosynthesis, but they also allow nitrogen and
sulphur assimilation, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide and hormone synthesis. How …

Frequently changing environmental conditions pose unwarranted threat to plants life and
impose serious penalties in terms of arrested growth, metabolism and ultimately the yield …

Temperature stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect agricultural
productivity worldwide. Temperatures beyond a plant's physiological optimum can trigger …

Combined pollution from microplastics (MPs) and cadmium (Cd) can influence soil
environment and soil biota, altering plant growth and development, and Cd mobilization. We …

Photosynthesis is a universal process for plant survival, and immune defense is also a key
process in adapting to the growth environment. Various studies have indicated that these …

Phytohormones are major signaling components that contribute to nearly all aspects of plant
life. They constitute an interconnected communication network to fine-tune growth and …

Plants are sessile organisms that face environmental threats throughout their life cycle, but
increasing global warming poses an even more existential threat. Despite these unfavorable …

Nanoparticles (NPs) have recently emerged as potential agents for plants to ameliorate
abiotic stresses by acting as nano-fertilizers. In this regard, the influence of the zinc oxide …