Background BCG vaccines are given to more than 100 million children every year, but there
is considerable debate regarding the effectiveness of BCG vaccination in preventing …

The innate immune system is able to build memory-like features in response to certain
infections or vaccines, resulting in enhanced responsiveness upon (re) challenge with the …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy potently revives T cell's response to cancer.
However, patients suffered with tumors that had inadequate infiltrated immune cells only …

With the economy's globalization and the population's aging, cancer has become the
leading cause of death in most countries. While imposing a considerable burden on society …

The year 2020 was shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic which killed more people than any
other infectious disease in this particular year. At the same time, the development of highly …

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has not only shaped awareness of the impact of infectious
diseases on global health. It has also provided instructive lessons for better prevention …

Abstract Background Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination can potentially reduce the
rate of respiratory infections in vulnerable populations. This study evaluates the safety and …

Non-specific innate and antigen-specific adaptive immunological memories are vital
evolutionary adaptations that confer long-lasting protection against a wide range of …

Tuberculosis (TB), also known as the “White Plague”, is caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Mtb). Before the COVID-19 epidemic, TB had the highest mortality rate of any …

Viral-vectored vaccines are highly amenable for respiratory mucosal delivery as a means of
inducing much-needed mucosal immunity at the point of pathogen entry. Unfortunately …