Understanding the in vivo transport of nanoparticles provides guidelines for designing
nanomedicines with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. Among many factors, the size of …

The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the
lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns …

Recent work has shown that meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs), mainly in the dorsal part
of the skull, are involved in the clearance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but the precise route …

Neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by invasion of the
brain by autoreactive T cells. The mechanism for how T cells acquire their encephalitogenic …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles that promote intercellular
communication by delivering bioactive cargo over short and long distances. Short-distance …

Tight junction proteins of the blood–brain barrier are vital for maintaining integrity of
endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels. The presence of these protein complexes in the …

BACKGROUND Blood and lymphatic vessel networks form two arms of the vertebrate
cardiovascular system that play complementary roles in body homeostasis maintenance and …

A significant fraction of the total immune cells in the body are located in several hundred
lymph nodes, in which lymphocyte accumulation, activation and proliferation are organized …

The nature of fluid dynamics within the brain parenchyma is a focus of intensive research. Of
particular relevance is its participation in diseases associated with protein accumulation and …