Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and heterogeneous autoimmune disease with
symmetrical polyarthritis as its critical clinical manifestation. The basic cause of autoimmune …

The proper restraint of the destructive potential of the immune system is essential for
maintaining health. Regulatory T (Treg) cells ensure immune homeostasis through their …

Clinical benefits of cytokine blockade in ileal Crohn's disease (iCD) are limited to a subset of
patients. Here, we applied single-cell technologies to iCD lesions to address whether …

T regulatory cells suppress a variety of immune responses to self-antigens and play a role in
peripheral tolerance maintenance by limiting autoimmune disorders, and other pathological …

Naturally arising regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the transcription
factor FoxP3 in the nucleus and CD25 and CTLA-4 on the cell surface, are a T-cell …

Immune responses need to be controlled for optimal protective immunity and tolerance.
Coinhibitory pathways in the B7-CD28 family provide critical inhibitory signals that regulate …

Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

Clonal expansion and immunological memory are hallmark features of the mammalian
adaptive immune response and essential for prolonged host control of pathogens. Recent …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are both important stimulatory receptors for the regulation of T cell
activation. Because receptors share common ligands, B7. 1 and B7. 2, the expression and …

A majority of cancers fail to respond to immunotherapy with antibodies targeting immune
checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 …