Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between
cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular …

Here, we review a novel concept namely the compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system
(CIRS) as applied to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar …

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer, with estrogen receptor,
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and progesterone receptor negative. TNBC is …

The kindlin (or fermitin) family of proteins comprises three members (kindlin-1,-2 and-3) of
evolutionarily conserved focal adhesion (FA) proteins, whose best-known task is to increase …

Prostate cancer is a main urological disease associated with significant morbidity and
mortality. Radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy are potentially curative for localized …

Lactate acidosis is often observed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. This
is because glucose breaks down quickly via glycolysis, causing lactate acidity. Lactate is …

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been developed into new materials with a variety of
industrial and commercial applications. In contrast, the physicochemical properties of CNT at …

Fibrosis refers to excessive build‐up of scar tissue and extracellular matrix components in
different organs. In recent years, it has been revealed that different cytokines and …

Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global
cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways that …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) belongs to a group of pleiotropic cytokines that are
involved in a variety of biological processes, such as inflammation and immune reactions …