Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer,
the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in …

TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) are bacterial outer membrane proteins that bind and
transport ferric chelates, called siderophores, as well as vitamin B12, nickel complexes, and …

Metagenomic binning is the step in building metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs)
when sequences predicted to originate from the same genome are automatically grouped …

Glycolipids (such as glycoglycerolipids, glycosphingolipids, and
glycosylphosphatidylinositol) and lipoglycans (such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) …

SUMMARY ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are universally distributed among living
organisms and function in many different aspects of bacterial physiology. ABC transporters …

Colicins are proteins produced by and toxic for some strains of Escherichia coli. They are
produced by strains of E. coli carrying a colicinogenic plasmid that bears the genetic …

Iron is an indispensable metabolic cofactor in both pro-and eukaryotes, which engenders a
natural competition for the metal between bacterial pathogens and their human or animal …

Collective antibiotic drug resistance is a global threat, especially with respect to Gram-
negative bacteria. The low permeability of the bacterial outer cell wall has been identified as …

▪ Abstract Iron is an essential element for most organisms, including bacteria. The oxidized
form is insoluble, and the reduced form is highly toxic for most macromolecules and, in …

To fulfill their nutritional requirement for iron, bacteria utilize various iron sources which
include the host proteins transferrin and lactoferrin, heme, and low molecular weight iron …