Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, in that most addicted individuals who choose to
quit taking drugs fail to maintain abstinence in the long-term. Relapse is especially likely …

A major obstacle to the development of medications for nicotine dependence is the lack of
animal and human laboratory models with sufficient predictive clinical validity to support the …

Dopamine fundamentally contributes to reinforcement learning, but recent accounts also
suggest a contribution to specific action selection mechanisms and the regulation of …

Studies in laboratory rodents suggest that previously neutral stimuli repeatedly paired with
the administration of drugs of abuse can acquire the ability to increase striatal dopamine …

There is general consensus among preclinical researchers that dopamine plays an
important role in the development and persistence of addiction. However, the precise role of …

Objectives Cue-reactivity is a critical step leading to the emergence of addictive psychology
and the triggering of addictive behaviors within the framework of addiction theory and is …

The neurobiology of tobacco use is poorly understood, possibly in part because the relevant
mechanisms might differ depending on past nicotine exposure and degree of addiction. In …

Introduction: Cue exposure research has been used to examine key issues in smoking
research, such as predicting relapse, testing new medications, investigating the …

Contemporary theoretical models of substance dependence posit that deficits in inhibitory
control play an important role in substance dependence. The neural network underlying …

Dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in associative learning processes
related to drugs of abuse. However, it is not clear whether blockade of activation of …