Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a recurring part of the sleep–wake cycle characterized
by fast, desynchronized rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG), hippocampal theta …

Upper airway muscles subserve many essential for survival orofacial behaviors, including
their important role as accessory respiratory muscles. In the face of certain predisposition of …

Rationale: The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains central respiratory
chemoreceptors (retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN) and the sympathoexcitatory, hypoxia …

Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is a rapid eye movement parasomnia
clinically characterized by acting out dreams due to disinhibition of muscle tone in rapid eye …

Decreased noradrenergic excitation of hypoglossal motoneurons during sleep causing
hypotonia of pharyngeal dilator muscles is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of …

Hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons innervate muscles of the tongue whose tonic and inspiratory
modulated activity protects the upper airway from collapse in patients affected by the …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) plays an important role in integrating and
relaying input information to other brain regions in response to stress. The cytoarchitecture …

Neural mechanisms of obstructive sleep apnea, a common sleep-related breathing disorder,
are incompletely understood. Hypoglossal motoneurons, which provide tonic and inspiratory …

Objective To investigate whether the CSF-contacting nucleus receives brainstem and spinal
cord projections and to understand the functional significance of these connections …

Cerebellum and Cerebrum in Homeostatic Control and Cognition presents a ground-
breaking hybrid-brain psychology, proposing that the cerebellum and cerebrum operate in a …