Immunotherapy has recently become widely used in lung cancer. Many oncologists are
focused on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4), programmed cell death ligand‐1 …

Background In experimental models of human and mouse malaria, sterilizing liver stage
immunity that blocks progression of Plasmodium infection to the symptomatic blood stage …

Background Follicular helper T (T FH) cells underpin T cell–dependent humoral immunity
and the success of most vaccines. T FH cells also contribute to human immune disorders …

For the establishment of a successful infection, ie, long-term parasitism and a complete life
cycle, parasites use various diverse mechanisms and factors, which they may be inherently …

Recurrent solid malignancies are often refractory to standard therapies. Although adoptive T
cell transfer may benefit select individuals, the majority of patients succumb to their disease …

Summary Exhausted CD8 T (T ex) cells in chronic viral infection and cancer have sustained
co-expression of inhibitory receptors (IRs). T ex cells can be reinvigorated by blocking IRs …

Plasmodium parasite–specific antibodies are critical for protection against malaria, yet the
development of long-lived and effective humoral immunity against Plasmodium takes many …

Interleukin-6 is a pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine that can promote both innate and
adaptive immune responses. In humans with respiratory virus infections, such as …

Lymphocyte Activation Gene–3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint molecule that regulates
both T-cell activation and homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying …

Abstract Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is responsible for T cell exhaustion during chronic
viral infections and is expressed on a variety of immune cells following activation. Despite its …