Smoking is a major risk factor for a variety of diseases, including cancer and immune-
mediated inflammatory diseases. Tobacco smoke contains a mixture of chemicals, including …

Prodrugs are chemically modified drug molecules that are inactive before administration.
After administration, they are converted in situ to parent drugs and induce the mechanism of …

Chemodrug resistance is a major reason accounting for tumor recurrence. Given the
mechanistic complexity of chemodrug resistance, molecular inhibitors and targeting drugs …

Ultrasmall nanoparticles are often grouped under the broad umbrella term of “nanoparticles”
when reported in the literature. However, for biomedical applications, their small sizes give …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in biological processes and continuous
ROS production in normal cells is controlled by the appropriate regulation between the silver …

Oxidative stress is the increase in cellular oxidant concentration in comparison to antioxidant
titer. Toxic insults and many other diseased conditions are mediated through the formation of …

Angiogenesis is a double-edged sword; it is a mechanism that defines the boundary
between health and disease. In spite of its central role in physiological homeostasis, it …

Elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems have
been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Compared with normal cells …

Solid cancers comprise a large number of new cases and deaths from cancer each year
globally. There are a number of strategies for addressing tumors raised from solid organs …

Advanced stages of cancer are highly associated with short overall survival in patients due
to the lack of long-term treatment options following the standard form of care. New options …