This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert sunlight directly into electricity are becoming increasingly
important in the world's renewable energy mix. The cumulative world PV installations …

Do all animals sleep? Sleep has been observed in many vertebrates, and there is a growing
body of evidence for sleep-like states in arthropods and nematodes [1–5]. Here we show …

Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific
interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation …

Sleep is a vital function of the nervous system that contributes to brain and bodily
homeostasis, energy levels, cognitive ability, and other key functions of a variety of …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …

Sleep is nearly ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, yet little is known about how
ecological factors or perturbations to the environment shape the duration and timing of …

Sleep is essential to all animals with a nervous system. Nevertheless, the core cellular
function of sleep is unknown, and there is no conserved molecular marker to define sleep …

Recent research has demonstrated the suitability of adult zebrafish to model some aspects
of complex behaviour. Studies of reward behaviour, learning and memory, aggression …

Adenosine is directly linked to the energy metabolism of cells. In the central nervous system
(CNS) an increase in neuronal activity enhances energy consumption as well as …