The primary female sex hormones, estrogens, are responsible for the control of functions of
the female reproductive system, as well as the development of secondary sexual …

The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more
robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune …

Increasing evidence suggests estrogen and estrogen signaling pathway disturbances
across psychiatric disorders. Estrogens are not only crucial in sexual maturation and …

Estrogen governs the regulations of various pathological and physiological actions
throughout the body in both males and females. Generally, 17β-estradiol an endogenous …

Neurodegenerative diseases cause severe impairments in cognitive and motor function.
With an increasing aging population and the onset of these diseases between 50 and 70 …

Over the last decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important molecules
associated with the regulation of gene expression in humans and other organisms …

Abstract 'Causal inference', in 21st century epidemiology, has notably come to stand for a
specific approach, one focused primarily on counterfactual and potential outcome reasoning …

The liver performs a multitude of bodily functions, whilst retaining the ability to regenerate
damaged tissue. In this review, we discuss sex steroid biology, regulation of mammalian …

Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer type and is one of the most significant
causes of deaths in women. To date, multiple clinical interventions have been applied …

This article reviews evidence for sex differences in vulnerability to addiction with an
emphasis on the neural mechanisms underlying these differences. Sex differences in the …