Abstract Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, has a central
role in infection by limiting the immune response to pathogens and thereby preventing …

The IL-10 family of cytokines consists of nine members: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-
26, and the more distantly related IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. Evolutionarily, IL-10 family …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. During infection it inhibits the activity of Th1 cells, NK
cells, and macrophages, all of which are required for optimal pathogen clearance but also …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central in the orchestration of the various forms of immunity and
tolerance. Their immunoregulatory role mainly relies on the ligation of specific receptors that …

Multicellular organisms possess very sophisticated defense mechanisms that are designed
to effectively counter the continual microbial insult of the environment within the vertebrate …

Infusion of either embryonic or mesenchymal stem cells prolongs the survival of organ
transplants derived from stem cell donors and prevents graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that detect invading pathogens by
binding conserved, microbially derived molecules and that induce signaling cascades for …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 play a pivotal role in recognition of Candida
albicans. We demonstrate that TLR2−/− mice are more resistant to disseminated Candida …