Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the clinical management of multiple
tumours. However, only a few patients respond to ICIs, which has generated considerable …

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (estimated 2.3 million new cases in
2020) and the leading cause of cancer death (estimated 685,000 deaths in 2020) in women …

At odds with conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted anticancer agents are designed to
inhibit precise molecular alterations that support oncogenesis or tumor progression. Despite …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are critical components of the tumor microenvironment
(TME) with diverse functions such as extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, modulation of …

The biology of solid tumors is strongly determined by the interactions of cancer cells with
their surrounding microenvironment. In this regard, pancreatic cancer (pancreatic ductal …

Background Therapeutic antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-
1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis induce potent and durable anti-tumor …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding eye disease which incidence
gradually increases with age. Inflammation participates in AMD pathogenesis, including …

During the course of tumorigenesis and subsequent metastasis, malignant cells gradually
diversify and become more heterogeneous. Consequently, the tumor mass might be …

Fibrosis refers to the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in the
processes of wound repair or tissue regeneration after tissue damage. Fibrosis occurs in …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in both
physiologic and pathologic conditions, including cancer. Importantly, TGFβ can exhibit both …