The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is well studied for its ability to
inhibit cell proliferation in early stages of tumorigenesis while promoting epithelial …

The relationship between chronic inflammation and neoplastic diseases is not fully
understood. The inflammatory microenvironment of a tumor is an intricate network that …

Fibrosis is defined as the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the
interstitium. It is an essential pathological response to chronic inflammation. ECM protein …

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes, with
several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, some of which are still uncertain. The …

Cytokines play a critical role in regulating host immune response toward cancer and
determining the overall fate of tumorigenesis. The tumor microenvironment is dominated …

Interest in adoptive cell therapy for treating cancer is exploding owing to early clinical
successes of autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T lymphocyte therapy. However …

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading vector for gene therapy in the
retina. As non-pathogenic, non-integrating, replication deficient vector, the recombinant virus …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling triggers diverse biological actions in
inflammatory diseases. In tissue fibrosis, it acts as a key pathogenic regulator for promoting …

Background Recently, therapeutic antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and
its ligand (PD-L1) have exerted potent anticancer effect in a variety of tumors. However …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is known to have a strong influence on tumorigenesis,
with various components being involved in tumor suppression and tumor growth. A …