Insula function is considered critical for many motivated behaviors, with proposed functions
ranging from attention, behavioral control, emotional regulation, goal-directed and aversion …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In
abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self …

Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …

This chapter begins with a summary of the initial findings on the effects of insula lesions on
smoking behavior as well as more recent human‐lesion studies that replicate and extend …

Brain lesions that damage the insular cortex (IC) interrupt addictive behaviors, suggesting
that drug addiction sensitizes the insula. However, neuroimaging studies seem to lead to an …

Reactivity to smoking-related cues may be an important factor that precipitates relapse in
smokers who are trying to quit. The neurobiology of smoking cue reactivity has been …

For effective information processing, two large-scale distributed neural networks appear to
be critical: a multimodal executive system anchored on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex …

Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region
known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake …

Approach-avoidance conflict is an important psychological concept that has been used
extensively to better understand cognition and emotion. This review focuses on neural …

Nausea and vomiting (emesis) are important elements in defensive or protective responses
that animals use to avoid ingestion or digestion of potentially harmful substances. However …