Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in
neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive …

Noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are among the most vulnerable brain systems in
neuropsychiatric diseases of ageing, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease …

Norepinephrine (NE) is a key neurotransmitter in the central and sympathetic nervous
systems, whose content fluctuates dynamically and rapidly in various brain regions during …

Prediction errors are differences between expected and actual sensory input and are
thought to be key computational signals that drive learning related plasticity. One way that …

Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually,
resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms …

Fluctuations in brain and behavioral state are supported by broadly projecting
neuromodulatory systems. In this study, we use mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging to …

The integration of external information with the internal state of the body is central to the
survival of virtually every multicellular organism. However, a complete picture of the …

Neural dynamics are shaped and constrained by the projections of a small nucleus in the
pons: the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC). Much like a bow to the brain's violin, activity in …

Primary sensory cortex has long been believed to play a straightforward role in the initial
processing of sensory information. Yet, the superficial layers of cortex overall are sparsely …

Anxiety disorders are the most common class of mental illness in the US, affecting 40 million
individuals annually. Anxiety is an adaptive response to a stressful or unpredictable life …