Pain is a critical component hindering recovery and regaining of function after surgery,
particularly in the elderly. Understanding the role of pain signaling after surgery may lead to …

Migraine is a common disabling neurological condition that is associated with several
premonitory symptoms that can occur days before the headache onset. The most commonly …

How do monoamines influence the perceptual and behavioral aspects of brain function? A
library of information regarding the genetic, molecular, cellular, and function of monoamines …

Antidepressants are often used for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Clinical studies
suggest that the efficacy of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitors …

Olfactory hypersensitivity (OHS) may occur during migraine attacks and seems to be very
specific to this form of headache. OHS is also observed during migraine-free periods and is …

Animal models of pain consist of modeling a pain-like state and measuring the consequent
behavior. The first animal models of neuropathic pain (NP) were developed in rodents with a …

Psychophysical evaluation of endogenous pain inhibition via conditioned pain modulation
(CPM) represents a new generation of laboratory tests for pain assessment. In this review …

Pain modulation is complex, but noradrenergic signalling promotes anti‐nociception, with α2‐
adrenergic agonists used clinically. To better understand the noradrenergic/peptidergic …

Pain is more than merely nociception and response, but rather it encompasses emotional,
behavioral and cognitive components that make up the pain experience. With the recent …

Inflammatory pain is the most common type of pain that is treated clinically. The use of
currently available treatments (classic analgesics-NSAIDs, paracetamol and opioids) is …