Although both men and women become addicted to drugs of abuse, women transition to
addiction faster, experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent, and relapse more often …

Females are more vulnerable than males to many aspects of cocaine use disorder. This
vulnerability also translates to opioid use disorder, with females exhibiting stronger …

Gender differences in psychiatric disorders such as addiction may be modulated by the
steroid hormone estrogen. For instance, 17β-estradiol (E2), the predominant form of …

HOXB9 is a homeobox-containing gene that plays a key role in mammary gland
development and is associated with breast and other types of cancer. Here, we demonstrate …

HOXC6 is a homeobox-containing gene associated with mammary gland development and
is overexpressed in variety of cancers including breast and prostate cancers. Here, we have …

Women are more sensitive to cocaine craving elicited by stimuli associated with relapse.
Ovarian hormones modulate cocaine craving and may therefore function as risk factors or …

Recent studies, in male rodents, have begun to elucidate a role for the GABAergic neurons
in the tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA) in morphine withdrawal. To date, the …

Psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) induce significant alterations in the
function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. These changes in HPA axis …

Women are more susceptible to developing cocaine dependence than men, but
paradoxically, are more responsive to treatment. The potent estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2) …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) modulates the neuronal activity in specific brain circuits and
has been recently considered as a promising intervention for refractory addiction. The insula …