Choosing actions that result in advantageous outcomes is a fundamental function of nervous
systems. All computational decision-making models contain a mechanism that controls the …

The neural systems that underlie reinforcement learning (RL) allow animals to adapt to
changes in their environment. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that the …

The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) plays a key role in action selection, but less is known about
how direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs, respectively) …

Highlights•Inference is a ubiquitous process in cognition and behavior.•State inference
optimizes behavioral flexibility and stability under uncertainty.•The neural mechanisms …

People with Parkinson's disease (PD) show impaired decision-making when sensory and
memory information must be combined. This recently identified impairment results from an …

Figure 1. Two step task behaviour. A) Diagram of trial events. B) Diagram of the task state
space, reward and transition probabilities. C) Example behavioural session. Top panel …

Dopamine (DA) modulates cognition in part via differential activation of D1 and D2 receptors
within the striatum and prefrontal cortex, yet evidence for cognitive impairments stemming …

Cortico-basal ganglia circuits are critical regulators of reward-based decision making.
Reinforcement learning models posit that action reward value is encoded by the firing …

Recent work has implicated the primate basal ganglia in visual perception and attention, in
addition to their traditional role in motor control. The basal ganglia, especially the caudate …

The striatum plays important motor, associative and cognitive roles in brain functions.
However, the rodent dorsolateral (the primate putamen) and dorsomedial (the primate …