Natural killer (NK) cells kill mutant cells through death receptors and cytotoxic granules,
playing an essential role in controlling cancer progression. However, in the tumor …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in the development of cancer. Within
this complex milieu, the endothelin (ET) system plays a key role by triggering epithelial-to …

Simple Summary Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are one of the most common
complications after cancer treatment caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We …

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), a subset of head and neck squamous
cell carcinoma (HNSCC), involves the palatine tonsils, soft palate, base of tongue, and …

Breast cancer (BC) is a lethal malignancy with high morbidity and mortality but lacks
effective treatments thus far. Despite the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors …

Simple Summary Liver cancer is one of the most difficult solid tumors to treat and is
responsible for one-third of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In particular, the quest for …

The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapy with BRAF inhibitors
and MEK inhibitors has dramatically improved the prognosis of advanced melanoma …

Dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system determines the onset of various
pathological conditions, including cancer. Accordingly, therapeutic strategies have been …

Induction of apoptosis represents a promising therapeutic approach to drive tumor cells to
death. However, this poses challenges due to the intricate nature of cancer biology and the …

Simple Summary While immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is used successfully to
treat various cancers, many patients develop immune-related adverse side effects (irAEs) …