Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins,
and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is …

Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100
years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence …

Microenvironment-related parameters like viscosity, polarity, and pH play important roles in
controlling the physical or chemical behaviors of local molecules, which determine the …

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides exhibiting a vast structural
diversity and fulfilling various functions mediated by thousands of interactions in the …

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a member of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and has critical
physiological functions. CS is widely applied in medical and clinical fields. Currently, the …

Heparin, the most widely used anticoagulant drug, is mainly acquired from livestock.
Variable structures and contaminations of other glycosaminoglycans of animal-sourced …

Nucleotide sugars have essential roles in every living creature. They are the building blocks
of the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and their conjugates. They are involved in processes …

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis by regulating the
activity and diffusion of bioactive molecules. Incorporating GAGs into biomaterials has …

Highlights•Metabolic engineering of heparosan, heparin and heparan sulfate•Chemical and
chemoenzymatic synthesis of low molecular weight heparins•Development of new heparin …

Humans express seven heparan sulfate (HS) 3-O-sulfotransferases that differ in substrate
specificity and tissue expression. Although genetic studies have indicated that 3-O-sulfated …