COVID‐19 has spread globally, affecting almost 160 million individuals. Elderly and pre‐
existing patients (such as diabetes, heart disease and asthma) seem more susceptible to …

Abstract cAMP mediates its intracellular effects through activation of protein kinase A (PKA),
nucleotide-gated ion channels, or exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) …

Background and Purpose cAMP is a central second messenger that broadly regulates cell
function and can underpin pathophysiology. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a …

Abstract Rationale Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) belonging to the PDE4 family control
intracellular concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by catalyzing its …

Current pharmacological treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are
mostly limited to inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Azithromycin can contribute to …

Angiogenesis associates with poor outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but
the contribution of the lymphoma cells to this process remains unclear. Addressing this …

The extent of damage following spinal cord injury (SCI) can be reduced by various
neuroprotective regimens that include maintaining levels of cyclic adenosine …

The second messenger cAMP plays a critical role in regulating immune responses. Although
well known for its immunosuppressive effect, cAMP is also required for the development of …

Xanthines like theophylline have long been recognised as being effective drugs for the
treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They are of interest …

PDE4 splice variants are classified into long and short forms depending on the presence or
absence of two unique N-terminal domains termed upstream conserved regions 1 and 2 …