Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Efflux pumps are widely implicated in antibiotic resistance because they can extrude the
majority of clinically relevant antibiotics from within cells to the extracellular environment …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Phages are the most abundant entity in the biosphere and outnumber bacteria by a factor of
10. Phage DNA may also constitute 20% of bacterial genomes; however, its role is ill …

Microbes have shown a remarkable ability in evading the killing actions of antimicrobial
agents, such that treatment of bacterial infections represents once more an urgent global …

Efflux pumps represent an important and large group of transporter proteins found in all
organisms. The importance of efflux pumps resides in their ability to extrude a wide range of …

Escherichia coli ST131 is a globally disseminated, multidrug resistant clone responsible for
a high proportion of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. The rapid emergence and …

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a worldwide problem. K.
pneumoniae possesses numerous resistant genes in its genome. We isolated mutants …

Background Lactic acid bacteria are commonly marketed as probiotics based on their
putative or proven health-promoting effects. These effects are known to be strain specific but …

Bacterial pathogens are able to survive within diverse habitats. The dynamic adaptation to
the surroundings depends on their ability to sense environmental variations and to respond …