Over the past several decades, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a
scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed the …

To date, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has determined 399,600,607 cases and 5,757,562 …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on the
need to develop effective therapies against the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, and also …

Extracellular vesicles contain a lipid bilayer membrane that protects the encapsulated
material, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, from the extracellular …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 and has spread
across the globe. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly infectious virus with no vaccine or antiviral …

Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, exploit cellular pathways and resources in a
variety of fascinating ways. A striking example of this is the remodelling of intracellular …

Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first
step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die'event that governs virus emergence in …

The broad clinical application of mRNA therapeutics has been hampered by a lack of
delivery vehicles that induce protein expression in extrahepatic organs and tissues …

Membrane fusion is a key process in all living organisms that contributes to a variety of
biological processes including viral infection, cell fertilization, as well as intracellular …

Many biological membranes are asymmetric and exhibit complex lipid composition,
comprising hundreds of distinct chemical species. Identifying the biological function and …