Cell fate decisions during early B cell activation determine the outcome of responses to
pathogens and vaccines. We examined the early B cell response to T-dependent antigen in …

Production of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies appears to be central to the
pathogenesis of lupus. Because normal high-affinity antibodies arise from germinal centers …

Liposomes (phospholipid bilayer vesicles) are versatile and robust delivery systems for
induction of antibody and T lymphocyte responses to associated subunit antigens. In the last …

Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical sites of B cell clonal expansion and antibody
affinity maturation. Therein, B cells undergo the Darwinian process of somatic diversification …

Despite the immense public health successes of immunization over the past century,
effective vaccines are still lacking for globally important pathogens such as human …

Subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages capture antigens from lymph and present them
intact for B cell encounter and follicular delivery. However, the properties of SCS …

T follicular helper cells (Tfh cells) localize to follicles where they provide growth and
selection signals to mutated germinal center (GC) B cells, thus promoting their differentiation …

Germinal centers (GC) are sites of rapid B‐cell proliferation in response to certain types of
immunization. They arise in about 1 week and can persist for several months. In GC s, B …

More than half of the nascent B cells in humans initially express autoreactive antibodies.
However, most of these autoantibodies are removed from the repertoire at two checkpoints …

A hallmark of T cell–dependent immune responses is the progressive increase in the ability
of serum antibodies to bind antigen and provide immune protection. Affinity maturation of the …