Caffeoyl coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and caffeic acid-O-
methyltransferase (COMT) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of coniferyl and sinapyl …

Glucosinolates are anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidative biochemical compounds that defend
plants from insect and microbial attack. Glucosinolates are abundant in all cruciferous crops …

Leaf morphogenesis requires growth polarized along three axes—proximal-distal (PD) axis,
medial-lateral axis, and abaxial-adaxial axis. Grass leaves display a prominent PD polarity …

Nitrate is an essential nutrient for plants, and crops depend on its availability for growth and
development, but its presence in agricultural soils is far from stable. In order to overcome …

Zea mays (maize) makes phytoalexins such as sesquiterpenoid zealexins, to combat
invading pathogens. Zealexins are produced from farnesyl diphosphate in microgram per …

Abstract Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) catalyzes a key step of the synthesis of the two
main lignin subunits, guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) in dicotyledonous species. As no …

Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) has become one of the most widely used
methods for accurate quantification of gene expression. Since there are no universal …

BACKGROUND Many herbivore‐induced volatiles have been proven to act as signaling
compounds to regulate nearby plant defense responses. However, the precise roles of key …

ABSTRACT RT-qPCR has been widely used for gene expression analysis in recent years.
The accuracy of this technique largely depends on the selection of suitable reference genes …

Background Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, infects
maize and is non-persistently transmitted by aphids. Several plant viruses have been …