The brain and gastrointestinal tract are critical sensory organs responsible for detecting,
relaying, integrating, and responding to signals derived from the internal and external …

The brain is supplied by an elaborate vascular network that originates extracranially and
reaches deep into the brain. The concept of the neurovascular unit provides a useful …

The diversity and complex organization of cells in the brain have hindered systematic
characterization of age-related changes in its cellular and molecular architecture, limiting …

The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut
microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with …

INTRODUCTION The meninges are a three-layer membrane that covers the central nervous
system (CNS): The outermost layer, the dura mater, is attached onto the skull periosteum; …

Despite the established dogma of central nervous system (CNS) immune privilege,
neuroimmune interactions play an active role in diverse neurological disorders. However …

The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

Background The implication of gut microbiota in the control of brain functions in health and
disease is a novel, currently emerging concept. Accumulating data suggest that the gut …

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are characterized by
innate immune-mediated inflammation, but functional and mechanistic effects of the …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …