Oxidative stress is the increase in cellular oxidant concentration in comparison to antioxidant
titer. Toxic insults and many other diseased conditions are mediated through the formation of …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 10–14% of global population. Kidney
fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition leading to scarring, is a …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most debilitating chronic diseases worldwide, with
increased prevalence and incidence. In addition to its macrovascular damage, through its …

Fibrosis, a common process of chronic inflammatory diseases, is defined as a repair
response disorder when organs undergo continuous damage, ultimately leading to scar …

Hirudin, an acidic polypeptide secreted by the salivary glands of Hirudo medicinalis (also
known as “Shuizhi” in traditional Chinese medicine), is the strongest natural specific inhibitor …

Sustained inflammatory invasion leads to joint damage and progressive disability in several
autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In recent decades, targeting M1 macrophage polarization …

Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by an excessive deposition of
extracellular matrix (ECM) and an increased production of fibrillar collagen in the cardiac …

Background Extracellular vesicles produced by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
(BMSC-EVs) can play important roles in the repair of injured tissues. Though numerous …

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common critical disease of the respiratory system that progresses
into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with high mortality, mainly related to …

Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modification are
crucially involved in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI). The histone …