Lungfishes belong to lobe-fined fish (Sarcopterygii) that, in the Devonian
period,'conquered'the land and ultimately gave rise to all land vertebrates, including …

Rich fossil evidence suggests that many traits and functions related to terrestrial evolution
were present long before the ancestor of lobe-and ray-finned fishes. Here, we present …

The importance of Hox genes for the development and evolution of the vertebrate axial
skeleton and paired appendages has been recognized for already several decades. The …

The vertebrate limb is a dynamic structure which has evolved into many diverse forms to
facilitate complex behavioral adaptations. The principle molecular and cellular processes …

Cornified skin appendages, such as hair and nails, are major evolutionary innovations of
terrestrial vertebrates. Human hair and nails consist largely of special intermediate filament …

Macrophages play pivotal roles in immunity, hematopoiesis, and tissue homeostasis. In
mammals, macrophages have been shown to originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro …

With over 18,000 species, the Acanthomorpha, or spiny-rayed fishes, form the largest and
arguably most diverse radiation of vertebrates. One of the key novelties that contributed to …

Evolutionary phenotypic transitions, such as the fin-to-limb transition in vertebrates, result
from modifications in related proteins and their interactions, often in response to changing …

Precise cis-regulatory control of gene expression is essential for normal embryogenesis and
tissue development. The BMP antagonist Gremlin1 (Grem1) is a key node in the signalling …

Processes that regulate size and patterning along an axis must be highly integrated to
generate robust shapes; relative changes in these processes underlie both congenital …