The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-
cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity …

SUMMARY HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 share many similarities including their basic gene
arrangement, modes of transmission, intracellular replication pathways and clinical …

T cells mediate effector functions through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, multiparameter
flow cytometry has allowed a simultaneous assessment of the phenotype and multiple …

There is an intense interplay between HIV and the immune system, and the literature is
replete with studies describing various immunological phenomena associated with HIV …

Immune tolerance to tumors is often associated with accumulation of myeloid-derived
suppressor cells (MDSC) and an increase in the number of T-regulatory cells (Treg). In …

HIV is a disease in which the original clinical observations of severe opportunistic infections
gave the first clues regarding the underlying pathology, namely that HIV is essentially an …

Virus-specific CD4 T cells are endowed with multiple functions, such as cytokine production,
CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression (associated with the costimulation of CD8 and B cells) …

Distinct IFN-γ and IL-2 profiles of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells have recently been associated
with different clinical disease states and Ag loads in viral infections. We assessed the …

HIV type 2 (HIV-2), a closely related retrovirus discovered a few years after HIV type 1,
causes AIDS in only a minority of infected individuals. Determining why HIV-2 causes …

HIV‐2 is distinguished clinically and immunologically from HIV‐1 infection by delayed
disease progression and maintenance of HIV‐specific CD4+ T cell help in most infected …