Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, neuronal development, reproduction and
regulation of energy metabolism. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common …

Iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO) are a family of selenoproteins controlling systemic and
local availability of the major thyroid hormone l-thyroxine (T4), a prohormone secreted by the …

Abstract Treatment with amiodarone is associated with changes in thyroid function tests, but
also with thyroid dysfunction (amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism, AIH, and amiodarone …

Background: Hypothyroidism has multiple etiologies and manifestations. Appropriate
treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions …

The goal of this review is to place the exciting advances that have occurred in our
understanding of the molecular biology of the types 1, 2, and 3 (D1, D2, and D3 …

The cardiovascular signs and symptoms of thyroid disease are some of the most profound
and clinically relevant findings that accompany both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism …

This article summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms of destruction in
autoimmune thyroid disease. The authors explain the approach to the diagnosis and …

The deiodinases activate or inactivate thyroid hormone, and their importance in thyroid
hormone homeostasis has become increasingly clear with the availability of deiodinase …

Abstract The Na+/I− symporter (NIS) is an integral plasma membrane glycoprotein that
mediates active I− transport into the thyroid follicular cells, the first step in thyroid hormone …

Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for an adequate growth and development of the
kidney. Conversely, the kidney is not only an organ for metabolism and elimination of TH …