In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

BACKGROUND Intensive research on sperm ion channels has identified members of
several ion channel families in both mouse and human sperm. Gene knock-out studies have …

The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium is a leading global cause of severe diarrhoeal
disease and an important contributor to early childhood mortality. Currently, there are no …

Free radicals play a major role in sperm development, including maturation and fertilization,
but they are also linked to infertility. Since they are short-lived and reactive, they are …

Zinc (Zn) is necessary for the normal function of the male reproductive system and
spermatozoa. Although influences of zinc deficiency on impaired spermatogenesis and male …

To fertilize an oocyte, sperm must undergo several biochemical and functional changes
known as capacitation. A key event in capacitation is calcium influx through the cation …

Intracellular Ca 2+ is a key regulator of cell signaling and sperm are not the exception. Cells
often use cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+] i) oscillations as a means to decodify …

Sperm motility is a significant predictor of male fertility potential and is directly linked to
fertilization success in both natural and some forms of assisted reproduction. Sperm motility …

Increased levels of metal ions in human seminal fluid have a significant correlation with
male fertility. Few publications explain the effect of metals in semen and their influence on …

The biological nature of age‐related declines in fertility in males of any species, including
stallions, has been elusive. In horses, the economic costs to the breeding industry are …