Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory
responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. Quantification …

There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases
affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are …

Ten years ago,'Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian
perspective'was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system …

The field of comparative ageing biology has greatly expanded in the past 20 years.
Longitudinal studies of populations of reptiles with a range of maximum lifespans have …

Recent studies have established that the innate immune system of reptiles is broad and
robust, but the question remains: What role does the reptilian adaptive immune system play …

Inflammation comprises alterations in glucocorticoids (in amphibians, corticosterone—
CORT) and melatonin (MEL) levels, two hormones with immunomodulatory effects on …

The inflammatory response comprises highly orchestrated events that are conserved
amongst vertebrate groups. Hepatic and splenic cytokines are major mediators of the …

Abstract Effect of raloxifene (RLF) on the improvement of inhibited osteogenic differentiation
of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) resulted from tumor necrosis factor‑α …

Chelonians are one of the most imperiled vertebrate taxa and many species are increasingly
threatened by disease, however, the immune response in this group is understudied. We …

Pathogen-host interactions are important components of epidemiological research, but are
scarcely investigated in chelonians. Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), are …