The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been known to be involved in the mediation of complex
behavioral responses. Considerable research efforts are directed towards refining the …

Drug addiction is responsible for millions of deaths per year around the world. Still, its
management as a chronic disease is shadowed by misconceptions from the general public …

Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral
field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these …

Dorsal raphe (DR) serotonin neurons provide a major input to the ventral tegmental area
(VTA). Here, we show that DR serotonin transporter (SERT) neurons establish both …

GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a primary role in local inhibition
of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons but are not physiologically or anatomically …

Dopamine‐containing projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal
cortex (PFC) have been extensively characterized since their discovery over 25 years ago …

The ventral tegmental area receives a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) innervation from
the nucleus accumbens and contains GABA immunoreactive neurons believed to be …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contributes to reward and motivation signaling. In addition
to the well established populations of dopamine (DA) or GABA VTA neurons, glutamatergic …

The lateral habenula (LHb) provides an important source of negative reinforcement signals
to midbrain dopamine (DA) cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) …

Receptor-specific compounds were applied by retrograde microdialysis to the ventral
tegmental area (VTA) of the rat brain. The effect of the intrategmental infusions on …