The endocannabinoid system (ECS) critically regulates stress responsivity and emotional
behavior throughout development. It regulates anxiety‐like behaviors in humans and animal …

Guidance molecules regulate the navigation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections
toward targets in the visual thalamus. In this study, we demonstrate that the G-protein …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and
comprise the largest superfamily with~ 800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive …

Astrocytes play critical roles in neural circuit formation and function. Recent studies have
revealed several secreted and contact-mediated signals from astrocytes which are essential …

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has major roles as a bioactive signaling molecule, with
multiple physiological and pathological roles being described in almost every major organ …

Endocannabinoids are important retrograde modulators of synaptic transmission throughout
the nervous system. Cannabinoid receptors are seven transmembrane G‐protein coupled …

The G-protein coupled receptor GPR55 has been postulated to serve as a novel
cannabinoid receptor. A previous report indicated that GPR55 knockout mice fail to develop …

Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome (DS), is the most frequent human autosomal chromosome
aneuploidy, which leads to multiple developmental disorders, especially mental retardation …

GPR55, an atypical cannabinoid receptor activated by lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) has
been involved in various physiological and pathological processes. We examined the effect …

Pain transmission and processing in the nervous system are modulated by various
biologically active substances, including lysophospholipids, through direct and indirect …