Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

Psychologists have demonstrated the value of diversity–particularly diversity of viewpoints–
for enhancing creativity, discovery, and problem solving. But one key type of viewpoint …

In the past decades, reductionism has dominated both research directions and funding
policies in clinical psychology and psychiatry. The intense search for the biological basis of …

Kratom, or Mitragyna, is a tropical plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, with unique
pharmacological properties. It is commonly consumed by preparing the leaves into …

Our hominin ancestors inevitably encountered and likely ingested psychedelic mushrooms
throughout their evolutionary history. This assertion is supported by current understanding …

The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The
systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated …

Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived
from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine …

Excessive alcohol consumption is a major public health problem worldwide. Although
drinking habits are known to be inherited, few genes have been identified that are robustly …

Context Comprehensive descriptions of substance use and abuse trajectories have been
lacking in nationally representative samples of adolescents. Objective To examine the …

Over the past decade, many studies have indicated that adolescence is a critical period of
brain development and maturation. The refinement and maturation of the central nervous …