ACE2 is the indispensable entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Because of the
COVID-19 pandemic, it has become one of the most therapeutically targeted human …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular
system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease characterized by early microvascular
abnormalities, immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis of …

Background: The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in inflammation
and fibrosis. The classical axis of the RAS, formed by angiotensin converting en-zyme …

Recent advances have improved our understanding of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS).
These have included the recognition that angiotensin (A ng)‐(1‐7) is a biologically active …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a deadly disease with no cure. Alternate
conversion of angiotensin II (AngII) to angiotensin-(1–7)(Ang-(1–7)) by angiotensin …

Severe forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are characterized by various
degrees of remodeling of the pulmonary arterial vessels, which increases the pulmonary …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the novel severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has been a rising international cause of …

At present, the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) has not
been fully elucidated. Clinical and experimental findings from studies investigating COVID …

COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are linked by angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme in RAS that has been validated as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor …