Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive species that are produced in
cellular aerobic metabolism. They mainly include superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide …

Bilirubin is a yellow-colored metabolite of heme degradation (a bile pigment), once believed
to be toxic, but recently recognized as a powerful endogenous antioxidant of physiologic …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease caused by joint inflammation. Its occurrence and
development depend on a continuous inflammation environment. The activated M1 …

Rationale: Photothermal therapy employs the photoabsorbers to generate heat under the
near-infrared (NIR) irradiation for thermal tumor ablation. However, NIR irradiation might …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Though the
exact etiology is still unknown, inflamed enterocytes, activated macrophages, and the …

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammatory reaction, caused by the activation of
pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas, and in severe cases can lead to systemic inflammation …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune system attacking
and destroying insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Islet transplantation is becoming …

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a severe liver disease caused by many reasons. One of them is
the overdosed acetaminophen (APAP), which is metabolized into N‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinone …

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by high blood sugar levels; it
affects more than 500 million individuals worldwide. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is …

Islet transplantation has been considered the most promising therapeutic option with the
potential to restore the physiological regulation of blood glucose concentrations in type 1 …