Microglia shape the synaptic environment in health and disease, but synapses do not exist
in a vacuum. Instead, pre-and postsynaptic terminals are surrounded by extracellular matrix …

Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). After traumatic
spinal cord injury (SCI), microglia undergo activation, proliferation, and changes in gene and …

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. T cells
were shown to infiltrate the brain during the first days after injury and to exacerbate tissue …

A major consequence of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury is the loss of the myelin
sheath, a cholesterol-rich layer of insulation that wraps around axons of the nervous system …

Background There is a need for early therapeutic interventions after traumatic brain injury
(TBI) to prevent neurodegeneration. Microglia/macrophage (M/M) depletion and …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to permanent disability, which is mainly caused by the
loss of functional recovery. In this review, we aimed to investigate why the healing process is …

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan
(GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in …

NG2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4
(CSPG4). In the healthy central nervous system, NG2 is exclusively expressed by …

Astrocytes have been implicated in the onset and complication of various central nervous
system (CNS) injuries and disorders. Uncontrolled astrogliosis (gliosis), while a necessary …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of biological tissues. The ECM
in the central nervous system (CNS) is unique in both composition and function. Functions …