Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has
focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage …

Purpose To estimate the global lifetime prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid
(AAS) use and investigate moderators of the prevalence rate. Methods A meta-analysis and …

The use of androgens, frequently referred to as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), has
grown into a worldwide substance abuse problem over the last several decades …

The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) by professional and recreational athletes is
increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly performance enhancement …

BACKGROUND: The problem of anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has recently
generated widespread public and media attention. Most AAS abusers, however, are not elite …

The purpose was to systematically review the global trends and factors influencing self-
medication (SM) among adolescents. Databases (Medline/Pubmed, Ingenta, Cochrane …

Aims Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used illicitly to gain muscle and lose
body fat. Here we review the accumulating human and animal evidence showing that AAS …

The anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a family of hormones that includes testosterone
and its derivatives. These substances have been used by elite athletes since the 1950s, but …

BACKGROUND: Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence has been a recognized
syndrome for some 20 years, but remains poorly understood. METHODS: We evaluated …

The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) by young athletes has been a primary
concern of sports governing bodies because of the implications for unfair advantage in …