Background Appropriate interpretation of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) involves the
classification of observed values as within/outside the normal range based on a reference …

Elite athletic competitions have separate male and female events due to men's physical
advantages in strength, speed, and endurance so that a protected female category with …

In December 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a new
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was recognized in the city of Wuhan, China. Rapidly, it became …

There is marked sexual dimorphism in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic. Here we report that estrogen can regulate the expression of angiotensin …

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Smoking is indisputably linked to lung cancer, yet only a small fraction of smokers develops
this disease. Although previously tobacco‐derived carcinogens and enzyme polymorphisms …

Prevalence of asthma is higher in women than in men, but the mechanisms underlying this
sex bias are unknown. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are key regulators of type 2 …

Sex differences in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system have been widely
reported. These intrinsic sex differences have also been shown to modulate the …

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by circulating antibodies and immune complexes
directed against self-tissues that result in both systemic and organ-specific inflammation and …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a syndrome of diseases that are characterized
by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling and that …